Study reveals costs of maternal health

by Australian National University

Credit: Australian National University

New research from The Australian National University (ANU) has for the first time identified and quantified the factors pushing up maternal health costs in the New South Wales public hospital system, paving the way for better health policy.

In the first study of its kind in Australia, actuarial research techniques have been applied to the public hospital costs of women during their pregnancy to just after the birth of a child, providing a new and more precise picture of what is driving costs.

Dr Jananie William from the ANU College of Business and Economics looked at hundreds of factors and found that the biggest costs are incurred by mode of birth delivery (caesarean versus vaginal delivery), diabetes, adverse births, smoking status, private health insurance and where a patient lives.

"With the new information, policy makers can consider health interventions in areas which drive costs, such as cessation programs for smokers, which could result in a better health outcome for the woman and a reduced cost to the system," Dr William said.

Dr William found a caesarean birth costs 92 per cent more than a vaginal birth, at an average cost of $11,500, in the NSW public hospital system.

"We found that the mode of delivery is by far the biggest driver of costs, with women who have a caesarean delivery costing almost twice as much as women who have vaginal deliveries, which cost on average $5,700."

Adverse birth events such as premature births and stillbirth cost eight per cent more than women who have full term births. The average cost of full term births was $7,200.

"We found that a woman with gestational diabetes had no significant impact on hospital costs whereas a pregnant woman with pre-existing diabetes cost 12 per cent more than women who do not have diabetes" she said.

"This could indicate that we are dealing with gestational diabetes very well but we need to consider our practices for other forms of the condition".

Dr William has also conducted similar research into out-of-hospital costs, which include costs of post-natal depression, and will focus future research on the interaction between public and private maternal health systems.

Her paper has been published in the international journal Annals of Actuarial Science.

Provided by Australian National University 

Study reveals genetic differences among fetal monocytes

by Melissa Rohman, Northwestern University

Principal component analysis of intermediate and classical cord blood monocytes global gene expression. A principal component analysis (PCA) of all samples (n = 130) illustrates GA (PC1, 15% variance) and cell type (PC2, 11% variance) and explains major variability within the data set. Credit: JCI Insight (2022). DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.155482

A multidisciplinary team of Northwestern Medicine investigators has discovered striking differences in gene expression of monocytes—specialized immune cells—in the developing fetus, according to findings published in the journal JCI Insight.

The study provides further insight into morbidity related to premature birth as well as novel therapeutic targets, according to the authors.

"There are very few markers that we can measure in mom's blood during pregnancy that can tell us what the outcome of a baby is and whether she might be at risk for delivering preterm. I think linking these findings to maternal markers and identifying correlations between them might help us develop early markers for therapies we can use to intervene and treat the placenta," said Karen Mestan, MD, adjunct professor of Pediatrics in the Division of Neonatology and senior author of the study.

The placenta is the primary organ that regulates biological processes between the mother and fetus, providing immune regulation, gas exchange, and protection against toxins and physiologic perturbations during pregnancy.

The course of pregnancy and other environmental factors can also expose the placenta to inflammation or vascular dysfunction, both of which have been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes including prematurity-related complications in the fetus.

"That's something we're still trying to figure out. We think that placental inflammation might happen because of an immune response between the mom and the developing fetus, but it could also happen from an infection during the pregnancy or because of an environmental exposure. The same with vascular dysfunction; we think it might occur early in pregnancy when the placenta implants in the uterus and doesn't do so properly," Mestan said.

To further investigate potential causes of prematurity-related complications in the fetus, Mestan and colleagues aimed to identify differences in gene expression in isolated fetal monocytes that were exposed to inflammation in the placenta during pregnancy.

High-throughput RNA sequencing revealed a subset of monocytes exposed to acute inflammation in the placenta were upregulated in biological processes related to monocyte activation, movement, and platelet function. Meanwhile, monocytes that were exposed to maternal vascular dysfunction downregulated these processes.

"It's interesting because we typically think of monocytes as playing an inflammatory role, whereas this study and other emerging studies suggest they may play a role in vascular regulation in the body," Mestan said

Mestan added that the findings have implications for better tailoring treatments for newborns, particularly those born prematurely. The study also highlights the need for more therapeutic interventions that directly treat the placenta, including medications and prevention strategies that alleviate a mother's risk to environmental exposures which can put placental growth at risk.

"These expression profiles may serve as a biomarker to individualize treatment management. There's also the potential that monocyte subsets themselves may be therapeutic targets in terms of developing cell-based therapies that are based on their progenitor function and ability to regenerate certain systems in the body," Mestan said.

More information: Abhineet M. Sharma et al, Placental dysfunction influences fetal monocyte subpopulation gene expression in preterm birth, JCI Insight (2022). DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.155482

Provided by Northwestern University